Stratification of the risk of cardiovascular diseases

Stratification of the risk of cardiovascular disease: foundations and clinical applicationThe stratification of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes a Central Element of modern preventive medicine. Your goal is the identification of individuals with increased risk for cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden cardiac death is to preventive measures aimed to initiate.Fundamentals of risk stratificationThe risk assessment is based on the Integration of multiple factors, which can be divided into two main groups:Modifiable Risk Factors:Hypertension (blood pressure≥140/90 mmHg);Dyslipidemia (elevated LDL cholesterol, low HDL‑cholesterol values);Tobacco consumption (active and passive Smoking);Diabetes mellitus (elevated HbA1c);Overweight and obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2);physical inactivity;unhealthy diet (high in salt, sugar and TRANS fat consumption).Non-modifiable risk factors:Age (men ≥45 years, women ≥55 years of age or after Menopause);Gender (higher risk in men, in younger age groups);family history of early CVD (incidents in first-degree Relatives: men, 55 years for women and 65 years ago).Instruments for risk estimationFor the standardized risk assessment, different Scores are used:SCORE System (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation):The 10‑year calculated risk for a fatal cardiovascular events on the Basis of age, gender, blood pressure, cholesterol and Smoking status.Framingham‑Risk Core:Determines 10‑year risk for coronary heart disease with the involvement of similar parameters.ASCVD risk calculator (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease):It is used mainly in the United States and taken into account in addition to HDL‑cholesterol.Stages of risk stratificationOn the basis of the calculated risk patients are divided values into the following categories:Low Risk: <1,0% (SCORE) — Health information and lifestyle advice.Moderate risk: 1,0–4,9% — more and better advice, if necessary, drug Intervention in the case of individual factors (e.g., hypertension).The high-risk range: 5.0–9.9% of the combined preventive strategies, medications for blood pressure and lipid-lowering.Very high risk: ≥10.0% or existing CVD — aggressive risk factor reduction, intensive Monitoring.Current developments and extensionsIn addition to the conventional Scores of additional markers will be discussed to improve the risk stratification:Coronary calcium Scoring (CAC Score) by means of CT;Measurement of high-sensitive C‑reactive Protein (hs‑CRP);Family history on the second-degree line;genetic-risk profiles.ConclusionThe evidence-based stratification of cardiovascular risk allows for a differentiated prevention strategy. Through the identification of high-risk persons, the incidence of coronary heart can be reduced events significantly. The continuous development of risk models, and the Integration of new biomarkers will improve the precision of risk assessment in the future.

Minsan lang na biglaang pagtaas ng presyon o bahagyang mataas na resulta ay hindi palaging nangangailangan ng agarang pag-inom ng tableta. Lahat ng rekomendasyon ng mga espesyalista at ang mga magagamit na paraan ng pag-iwas ay mukhang simple lang, pero sa aktwal na buhay, ang maingat na pag-aalaga sa kalusugan ng dugo at sistema ng puso ay nakakaiwas sa biglaan at sobrang hindi kanais-nais na pagtaas ng presyon. Stratification of the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Isang malawak na pagpipilian ng mga gamot mismo pati na rin ng mga pamamaraan para sa pagbawas ng gamot mula sa mataas na presyon ang nagbibigay-daan sa iyo na pumili ng pinaka-komportableng programa ng paggamot – ang abot-kaya sa gastos, na may minimal na pagpapakita ng mga side effect, at isinasaalang-alang ang ibang kasamang sakit. Kapag matagal ang pag-inom ng tabletas at binabago ng doktor ang gamot, ito ay dahil ang ilang gamot ay may katangian na magdulot ng pagkagumon, na nagreresulta sa kaunting pagbaba ng bisa nito. Bukod dito, hindi lahat ng grupo ng gamot ay angkop para sa mga pasyente sa iba't ibang edad, at may mga limitasyon din sa pagiging compatible nito sa ibang uri ng gamot.

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Ang mga tableta para pababain ang presyon ng dugo ay natural na nakakatulong para mabilis itong bumalik sa normal, pero inirerekomenda rin na baguhin ang pamumuhay. Ang malusog na pagkain, kontrol sa timbang, regular na ehersisyo, at pag-iwas sa paninigarilyo at alak ay magagandang paraan para maiwasan ang mataas na presyon ng dugo. Siguraduhing mas kaunting sodium (hal. asin) at mas maraming potassium (mga saging, spinach, broccoli) ang mapapasok sa katawan.